Class 9 Science

Chapter 3: Tissues in Action

Learn how plants grow, how blood and bones connect our body, and how muscles and joints coordinate under nervous control. सीखें कि plants कैसे grow करते हैं, blood और bones हमारी body को कैसे connect करते हैं, और muscles व nerves movement कैसे produce करते हैं!

🔊 Audio Assistant:

Remember from before:

In Chapter 2 we learnt that the cell (कोशिका) is the basic structural building block of all life [NCERT p.9]. Chapter 2 में हमने सीखा कि cell (कोशिका) life का basic structural building block है। Cells दो forms में exist करते हैं:
Unicellular organisms like Amoeba carry out all life processes (breathing, moving, digestion) inside a single cell [NCERT p.28]. Amoeba जैसे unicellular organisms अपने सभी life processes (breathing, moving, digesting) एक single cell के अंदर ही carry out करते हैं।
Multicellular organisms distribute tasks through a division of labour across cells, tissues, and organs [NCERT p.28]. Multicellular organisms millions of specialized cells में division of labour के ज़रिए tasks को distribute करते हैं [NCERT p.28]।

Why Plant and Animal Tissues Differ पादप और जंतु ऊतकों में अंतर

Goal: After this section, you will be able to explain the core structural and functional reasons why plants and animals require different types of tissues [NCERT p.29].

Factory Building vs. Mobile Robot Analogy A plant is like a stationary factory building. It doesn't move, so its tissues are engineered for structural support, rigidity, and steady transport [NCERT p.29]. An animal is like a mobile robot. It must walk, search for food, and escape dangers, requiring flexible, active, and high-energy consuming tissues [NCERT p.29].

A tissue (ऊतक) is a group of similar cells working together to perform a specific function [NCERT p.28]. Plants and animals are structurally and functionally very different, which reflects in their tissue organization: एक tissue (ऊतक) similar cells का एक group होता है जो एक specific function perform करने के लिए मिलकर काम करता है [NCERT p.28]। Plants और animals structurally और functionally बहुत different होते हैं, जो उनके tissue organization में भी reflect होता है:

Parameter	Plant Tissues (पादप ऊतक)	Animal Tissues (जंतु ऊतक)
Mobility	Stationary (स्थिर). Need mechanical strength and upright support [NCERT p.29].	Active locomotion (गतिमान). Move to obtain food, mates, and shelter [NCERT p.29].
Living Status	Most supporting tissues are dead (e.g. bark, xylem vessels) to provide strength with low maintenance [NCERT p.29].	Most tissues are living and require constant oxygen and nutrition [NCERT p.29].
Growth Pattern	Growth is localized in specific dividing regions (meristems) and continues throughout life [NCERT p.29].	Growth is uniform and generally stops at maturity [NCERT p.29].

Checkpoint (प्रगति की जांच)

Q1. Why are many supporting tissues in plants composed of dead cells? [NCERT p.29] Q1. Plants में बहुत से supporting tissues, dead cells से क्यों बने होते हैं? [NCERT p.29]

Section Summary:

Plants are stationary and require supportive dead-cell tissues [NCERT p.29]. Plants stationary होते हैं और उन्हें supportive dead-cell tissues की ज़रूरत होती है [NCERT p.29]।
Animals move and have energy-intensive living tissues [NCERT p.29]. Animals move करते हैं और उनके पास energy-intensive living tissues होते हैं [NCERT p.29]।
Plant growth zones are localized, whereas animal growth is uniform [NCERT p.29]. Plant growth zones localized होते हैं, जबकि animal growth uniform होती है [NCERT p.29]।

Plant Tissues: Meristems for Growth विभाज्योतक ऊतक

Goal: Learn to distinguish between Apical, Lateral, and Intercalary meristematic tissues in terms of location and growth roles [NCERT pp.29-31].

Construction Crew Analogy A meristematic tissue (विभाज्योतक ऊतक) is like the active construction crew of a building. These cells are small, thin-walled, contain dense cytoplasm, and divide continuously to build new plant segments [NCERT p.30, p.44].

Growth in plants occurs only in specific regions where dividing cells reside. These actively dividing tissues are called meristematic tissues (विभाज्योतक ऊतक) [NCERT p.29]. They are classified into three types based on where they are located: Plants में growth केवल specific regions में ही होती है जहाँ dividing cells रहते हैं। इन dividing tissues को Meristematic tissues (विभाज्योतक ऊतक) कहा जाता है [NCERT p.29]।

Interactive Meristem Zone Explorer

Click on the colored hotspots of the plant stem to view details about each meristematic tissue zone: प्रत्येक meristematic zone के details देखने के लिए plant stem के colored hotspots पर click करें।

Apical Meristem (शीर्षस्थ विभाज्योतक)

Located at the growing tips of stems and roots. It divides repeatedly to increase the length of the plant body (primary growth) [NCERT p.30]. यह stems और roots के growing tips पर स्थित होता है। यह stem और root की length को बढ़ाने के लिए repeatedly divide होता है [NCERT p.29]।

Meristematic Cell Characteristics

Cells of meristematic tissues are highly active and exhibit specific features that facilitate continuous division [NCERT p.44]: Meristematic tissues के cells highly active होते हैं और specific features दिखाते हैं जो rapid division में help करते हैं [NCERT p.31]।

They have very thin cellulose cell walls to allow stretch and division [NCERT p.44]. Stretch और division को allow करने के लिए उनकी cellulose cell walls बहुत thin होती हैं [NCERT p.31]।
They contain dense cytoplasm and a large, prominent nucleus to direct metabolic division [NCERT p.44]. Metabolic replication को direct करने के लिए उनमें dense cytoplasm और एक large, prominent nucleus होता है [NCERT p.31]।
They lack vacuoles because they do not store food; they divide immediately [NCERT p.44]. उनमें vacuoles नहीं होते क्योंकि वे food store नहीं करते; वे तुरंत divide हो जाते हैं [NCERT p.31]।

Checkpoint (प्रगति की जांच)

Q2. Which meristem allows grass to grow back quickly after being cut or grazed? [NCERT p.31] Q2. काटने या चरने के बाद कौन सा meristem घास को जल्दी से वापस उगने में मदद करता है? [NCERT p.30]

Section Summary:

Apical meristems drive stem and root elongation [NCERT p.30]. Apical meristems stem और root की elongation को drive करते हैं [NCERT p.30]।
Lateral meristems increase plant girth and create annual growth rings [NCERT p.30, p.31]. Lateral meristems plant girth को बढ़ाते हैं और annual growth rings बनाते हैं [NCERT p.30]।
Intercalary meristems at nodes trigger branch regrowth after cuts [NCERT p.31]. Nodes पर मौजूद intercalary meristems कटने के बाद branch regrowth को trigger करते हैं [NCERT p.31]।

Plant Tissues: Simple Permanent Tissues सरल स्थायी ऊतक

Goal: Compare the structure, living status, and primary functions of Parenchyma, Collenchyma, and Sclerenchyma [NCERT pp.31-33].

The Structural Materials Analogy Think of plant structural support: • Parenchyma is like soft cushioning foam—flexible, air-filled, and stores food [NCERT p.32]. • Collenchyma is like flexible rubber tubing—strong but bends easily without breaking [NCERT p.32]. • Sclerenchyma is like hard concrete blocks—dead, rigid, heavily reinforced (lignified) to provide static strength [NCERT p.33].

When meristematic cells stop dividing and take up specific roles, they differentiate into permanent tissues (स्थायी ऊतक) [NCERT p.31]. Simple permanent tissues are composed of only one type of cell [NCERT p.32]. जब meristematic cells divide होना बंद कर देते हैं और specific roles ले लेते हैं, तो वे permanent tissues (स्थायी ऊतक) में differentiate हो जाते हैं [NCERT p.31]। Simple permanent tissues केवल एक ही type के cell से बने होते हैं [NCERT p.32]।

Parenchyma (मृदूतक)

Living cells with thin cellulose walls and large vacuoles [NCERT p.32, p.46]. Thin cellulose walls और large vacuoles वाले living cells [NCERT p.32, p.46]।
Loosely packed with large intercellular spaces [NCERT p.32]. ये large intercellular spaces के साथ loosely packed होते हैं [NCERT p.32]।
Primary function is food storage and packing [NCERT p.32]. इनका primary function food storage और packing है [NCERT p.32]।
Sub-types: Chlorenchyma (performs photosynthesis) and Aerenchyma (provides buoyancy in aquatic plants) [NCERT p.32]. Sub-types: Chlorenchyma (photosynthesis perform करता है) और Aerenchyma (aquatic plants को buoyancy देता है) [NCERT p.32]।

Adapted from NCERT Fig. 3.4(a): Parenchyma cells showing intercellular spaces

Collenchyma (स्थूलकोण ऊतक)

Living cells with walls irregularly thickened at corners with pectin [NCERT p.32]. ये corners पर pectin के कारण irregularly thickened walls वाले living cells होते हैं [NCERT p.32]।
Provides flexibility and elasticity [NCERT p.32]. यह flexibility और elasticity provide करता है [NCERT p.32]।
Allows plant parts (leaves, stems) to bend easily in wind without breaking [NCERT p.32, p.46]. Plant parts (leaves, stems) को बिना टूटे हवा में आसानी से bend होने देता है [NCERT p.32]।

Adapted from NCERT Fig. 3.4(b): Collenchyma cells showing corner pectin thickenings

Sclerenchyma (दृढ़ूतक)

Dead cells that are long and narrow [NCERT p.33]. ये dead cells होते हैं जो लंबे और narrow (पतले) होते हैं [NCERT p.33]।
Cell walls are extremely thickened with lignin (natural glue), leaving no internal space [NCERT p.33]. Lignin (natural glue) के कारण cell walls extremely thickened होती हैं, जिससे कोई internal space नहीं बचता [NCERT p.33]।
Provides stiffness, hardness, and mechanical strength (e.g. husk of coconut) [NCERT p.33, p.46]. Stiffness, hardness, और mechanical strength देता है (जैसे husk of coconut) [NCERT p.33]।

Adapted from NCERT Fig. 3.4(c): Lignified thick-walled Sclerenchyma cells

Protective Tissues ( Epidermis & Cork )

Epidermis (बाह्यत्वचा): Outermost single layer of flat cells covered with a waxy layer of cutin to prevent water loss (transpiration) and parasitical attack [NCERT p.32]. Contains Stomata (रंध्र) guarded by kidney-shaped guard cells for gas exchange [NCERT p.32]. Epidermis (बाह्यत्वचा): Flat cells की outermost single layer होती है जो water loss (transpiration) और parasitical attack को रोकने के लिए cutin की एक waxy layer से ढकी होती है [NCERT p.32]। इसमें Stomata (रंध्र) होते हैं जो gas exchange के लिए kidney-shaped guard cells से guarded होते हैं [NCERT p.32]।
Cork / Bark: Outermost dead cells of older stems. Walls are filled with suberin, making them impermeable to gases and water [NCERT p.33, p.45]. Cork / Bark: Older stems की outermost dead cells। इनकी walls suberin से भरी होती हैं, जो इन्हें पानी और gases के लिए impervious बनाती हैं [NCERT p.34]।

Checkpoint (प्रगति की जांच)

Q3. Which simple permanent tissue is composed of dead cells with highly lignified walls? [NCERT p.33] Q3. कौन सा simple permanent tissue, highly lignified walls वाले dead cells से बना होता है? [NCERT p.33]

Section Summary:

Parenchyma is living, loosely packed, and stores food [NCERT p.32]. Parenchyma living है, loosely packed है, और food store करता है [NCERT p.32]।
Collenchyma provides flexible tensile strength to bending stems [NCERT p.32]. Collenchyma bending stems को flexible tensile strength देता है [NCERT p.32]।
Sclerenchyma is composed of dead cells providing rigid support [NCERT p.33]. Sclerenchyma dead cells से बना होता है जो rigid support देता है [NCERT p.33]।
Epidermis & Cork serve as protective covers with cutin and suberin barriers [NCERT p.32, p.33]. Epidermis & Cork, cutin और suberin barriers के साथ protective covers का काम करते हैं [NCERT pp.33-34]।

Plant Tissues: Complex Vascular Tissues जटिल स्थायी ऊतक

Goal: Understand the difference between Xylem and Phloem in terms of cell types and transport characteristics [NCERT pp.33-34].

The Plumbing Pipes Analogy A complex tissue (जटिल ऊतक) contains multiple cell types working together as a single plumbing unit [NCERT p.33]. • Xylem is like a unidirectional municipal water main—it carries water and minerals upward only from roots [NCERT pp.33-34]. • Phloem is like a bidirectional supply courier—it distributes glucose food up and down from leaves to all plant organs [NCERT p.34, p.44].

Vascular bundles act as the transport highways of vascular plants: Vascular bundles, vascular plants के transport highways की तरह काम करते हैं:

Interactive Transport Simulation

Toggle the switch to visualize how substances flow through Xylem vs. Phloem channels: Substances के Xylem vs. Phloem channels के थ्रू flow को visualize करने के लिए switch को toggle करें।

Xylem (जाइलम)

Water & Minerals only [NCERT p.34] केवल Water & Minerals [NCERT p.34]

Phloem (फ्लोएम)

Soluble Food elements [NCERT p.34] Soluble Food elements [NCERT p.34]

Cell Composition Comparison

Parameter	Xylem (जाइलम)	Phloem (फ्लोएम)
Components	Tracheids, vessels, xylem parenchyma, xylem fibres [NCERT pp.33-34].	Sieve tubes, companion cells, phloem parenchyma, phloem fibres [NCERT p.34].
Cell Status	Most cells are dead (except xylem parenchyma) [NCERT p.34].	Most cells are living (except phloem fibres) [NCERT p.34].
Direction of Flow	Unidirectional (upward only: Roots → Leaves) [NCERT p.34].	Bidirectional (upward and downward: Source → Sinks) [NCERT p.34].

Checkpoint (प्रगति की जांच)

Q4. If a plant is unable to distribute synthesized food from its leaves to its roots, which vascular tissue is failing? [NCERT p.44] Q4. यदि कोई plant अपनी leaves से roots तक synthesized food distribute करने में असमर्थ है, तो कौन सा tissue damaged हो सकता है? [NCERT p.34]

Section Summary:

Complex tissues are composed of multiple cell types performing one unified function [NCERT p.33]. Complex tissues multiple cell types से बने होते हैं जो मिलकर एक unified function perform करते हैं [NCERT p.34]।
Xylem conducts water and dissolved minerals unidirectionally upwards [NCERT pp.33-34]. Xylem water और dissolved minerals को unidirectionally ऊपर की ओर conduct करता है [NCERT pp.34-35]।
Phloem distributes food bidirectionally and consists of living sieve elements [NCERT p.34]. Phloem food को bidirectionally distribute करता है और इसमें living sieve elements होते हैं [NCERT p.35]।

Animal Tissues: Epithelial & Connective उपकला और संयोजी ऊतक

Goal: List the types of Epithelial lining and classify key Connective tissues including Blood, Bones, Cartilage, Ligaments, and Tendons [NCERT pp.34-37].

Wrap and Glue Analogy • Epithelial tissue is like the plastic wrap—it forms thin protective barriers over the outer skin and lines all internal cavities [NCERT p.34]. • Connective tissue is like the superglue and support beams—it physically links cells, holds organs, provides support (bones), and acts as a liquid transport matrix (blood) [NCERT p.35, p.36].

1. Epithelial Tissues (उपकला ऊतक)

Epithelial cells are tightly packed, forming a continuous sheet with almost no intercellular spaces [NCERT p.34]. They are classified by shape and function: Epithelial cells tightly packed होते हैं, जो बिना intercellular space के एक continuous sheet बनाते हैं और barrier का काम करते हैं [NCERT p.34]।

Simple Squamous (शलकी): Extremely thin, flat cells forming a delicate lining (e.g. lung alveoli, blood vessels) for quick diffusion [NCERT p.35, p.44]. Simple Squamous (शलकी): Extremely thin, flat cells जो selective diffusion को allow करने के लिए एक delicate lining (जैसे blood vessels, alveoli) बनाते हैं [NCERT p.35]।
Stratified Squamous (स्तरीकृत शलकी): Multiple layered squamous cells to prevent wear and tear (e.g. skin) [NCERT p.35]. Stratified Squamous (स्तरीकृत शलकी): Wear and tear को रोकने के लिए multiple layered squamous cells (जैसे skin epithelium) [NCERT p.35]।
Columnar (स्तंभाकार): Pillar-like tall cells facilitating absorption/secretion (e.g. inner lining of intestine) [NCERT p.35]. Ciliated Columnar cells have hair-like cilia projections that move mucus forward (e.g. respiratory tract) [NCERT p.35]. Columnar (स्तंभाकार): Pillar-like tall cells जो absorption/secretion को facilitate करते हैं (जैसे inner lining of intestine) [NCERT p.35]। Ciliated Columnar cells में hair-like cilia projections होते हैं जो mucus को आगे move करते हैं (जैसे respiratory tract) [NCERT p.35]।
Cuboidal (घनाकार): Cube-like cells providing mechanical support (e.g. kidney tubules, salivary gland ducts) [NCERT p.35]. Cuboidal (घनाकार): Cube-like cells जो mechanical support देते हैं (जैसे kidney tubules, salivary ducts) [NCERT p.36]।

Adapted from NCERT Fig. 3.9 (Different types of epithelial tissues)

2. Connective Tissues (संयोजी ऊतक)

Connective cells are loosely spaced and embedded in a non-living intercellular matrix [NCERT p.35]. Connective cells loosely spaced होते हैं और एक non-living intercellular matrix में embedded होते हैं [NCERT p.35]।

Blood (रक्त): Fluid matrix called plasma containing RBCs, WBCs, and platelets [NCERT p.35]. Transports gases, nutrients, and hormones [NCERT p.35]. Blood (रक्त): Fluid matrix जिसे plasma कहते हैं, इसमें gases, food, और hormones को transport करने के लिए RBCs, WBCs, और platelets होते हैं [NCERT p.36]।
Bone (अस्थि): Hard, non-flexible matrix made of calcium and phosphorus compounds [NCERT p.36]. Forms the skeletal frame [NCERT p.36]. Bone (अस्थि): Calcium और phosphorus compounds से बना hard, non-flexible matrix; structural frame बनाता है [NCERT p.36]।
Cartilage (उपास्थि): Solid but flexible matrix of proteins and sugars [NCERT p.36]. Smooths bone surfaces at joints (e.g. nose, ear, trachea) [NCERT p.36]. Cartilage (उपास्थि): Proteins और sugars का solid लेकिन flexible matrix; joints पर bone surfaces को smooth करता है (जैसे nose, ear) [NCERT p.36]।
Ligaments (अस्थि-बंध): Elastic, strong connective fibers linking bone to bone [NCERT p.36, p.45]. Ligaments (अस्थि-बंध): Elastic, strong connective fibers जो bone को bone से link करते हैं [NCERT p.36]।
Tendons (कंडरा): Fibrous, tough tissues connecting muscle to bone [NCERT p.36, p.45]. Tendons (कंडरा): Fibrous, tough tissues जो limited flexibility के साथ muscle को bone से connect करते हैं [NCERT p.36, p.47]।

Checkpoint (प्रगति की जांच)

Q5. Which connective tissue attaches skeletal muscles to bones? [NCERT p.36] Q5. कौन सा connective tissue, skeletal muscles को bones से attach करता है? [NCERT p.36]

Section Summary:

Epithelium serves as protective coverings and linings [NCERT p.34]. Epithelium protective coverings और linings का काम करता है [NCERT p.34]।
Connective tissues support and bind structures through solid, fibrous, or liquid matrices [NCERT pp.35-36]. Connective tissues solid, fibrous, या liquid matrices के थ्रू structures को support और bind करते हैं [NCERT p.36]।
Ligaments bind bones together; Tendons link muscles to bones [NCERT p.36]. Ligaments bones को आपस में bind करते हैं; Tendons muscles को bones से link करते हैं [NCERT p.36]।

Animal Tissues: Muscular & Nervous पेशी और तंत्रिका ऊतक

Goal: Identify the three muscle types (Skeletal, Smooth, Cardiac) and map the structures of a Neuron [NCERT pp.37-38].

Engines and Electrical Wires Analogy • Muscular tissue acts like the biological engines—contracting and relaxing using special contractile proteins to generate movement [NCERT p.37]. • Nervous tissue acts like the internet fiber optic cables—carrying rapid electrical signals (nerve impulses) from the brain to control body actions [NCERT p.38].

1. Muscular Tissues (पेशी ऊतक)

Skeletal Muscle (voluntary, रेखित पेशी)

Attached to bones. Can be controlled voluntarily [NCERT p.37]. Bones से attached होते हैं। इन्हें voluntarily control किया जा सकता है [NCERT p.37]।

Structure: Long, cylindrical, unbranched, and multinucleate cells [NCERT p.37]. Structure: Long, cylindrical, unbranched, और multinucleate cells [NCERT p.37]।
Shows alternate light and dark bands (striations) under a microscope [NCERT p.37]. Microscope के नीचे alternate light और dark bands (striations) दिखाता है [NCERT p.37]।
Tires out and needs rest after heavy work. Heavy work के बाद थक जाता है और इसे rest की ज़रूरत होती है।

Smooth Muscle (involuntary, अरेखित पेशी)

Found in walls of internal organs (stomach, intestines, iris of eye) [NCERT p.37]. Internal organs की walls में पाया जाता है (जैसे stomach, intestines, iris of eye) [NCERT p.37]।

Structure: Spindle-shaped (tapering ends) and uninucleate cells [NCERT p.37]. Structure: Spindle-shaped (tapering ends) और uninucleate cells [NCERT p.37]।
No striations (smooth) [NCERT p.37]. इसमें कोई striations नहीं होते (smooth) [NCERT p.37]।
Contracts slowly and continuously without voluntary control [NCERT p.37]. Voluntary control के बिना slowly और continuously contract होता है [NCERT p.37]।

Cardiac Muscle (involuntary, हृदय पेशी)

Found exclusively in the walls of the heart [NCERT p.37]. Exclusively heart की walls में पाया जाता है [NCERT p.37]।

Structure: Cylindrical, branched, and uninucleate cells [NCERT p.37]. Structure: Cylindrical, branched, और uninucleate cells होते हैं [NCERT p.37]।
Contracts and relaxes rhythmically throughout life without fatigue [NCERT p.37, p.44]. बिना fatigue के जीवनभर rhythmically contract और relax होता रहता है [NCERT p.37, p.47]।

Adapted from NCERT Fig. 3.11 (Types of muscle fibres)

2. Nervous Tissue & The Neuron (तंत्रिका ऊतक)

Nervous tissue is made of highly specialized cells called neurons (तंत्रिका कोशिका) [NCERT p.38]. Nervous tissue highly specialized cells से बना होता है जिन्हें neurons (तंत्रिका कोशिका) कहते हैं [NCERT p.38]।

Interactive Neuron Diagram

Click on Dendrites, Cyton, or Axon to explore their roles in carrying electrical signals: Electrical impulses को carry करने में Dendrites, Cyton, या Axon के roles को explore करने के लिए click करें।

Cell Body (Cyton / सोमा)

Contains the cell nucleus and cytoplasm. It acts as the central processor, collecting inputs and preparing signals to be transmitted [NCERT p.38]. इसमें cell nucleus और cytoplasm होता है। यह dendrites से inputs collect करने वाले central processor की तरह काम करता है [NCERT p.38]।

Checkpoint (प्रगति की जांच)

Q6. Which muscular tissue is characterized by branched, uninucleate fibers that contract rhythmically without fatigue? [NCERT p.37] Q6. किस muscular tissue में branched, uninucleate fibers होते हैं जो rhythmically contract करते हैं? [NCERT p.37]

Section Summary:

Skeletal muscles are voluntary and show alternate light/dark striation bands [NCERT p.37]. Skeletal muscles voluntary होते हैं और alternate light/dark striation bands दिखाते हैं [NCERT p.37]।
Smooth muscles are spindle-shaped and contract involuntarily in organ walls [NCERT p.37]. Smooth muscles spindle-shaped होते हैं और organ walls में involuntarily contract करते हैं [NCERT p.37]।
Cardiac muscles are branched and contract continuously without fatigue [NCERT p.37]. Cardiac muscles branched होते हैं और बिना fatigue के continuously contract करते हैं [NCERT p.37]।
Neurons contain dendrites, a cyton cell body, and a long axon to transmit impulses [NCERT p.38]. Neurons में impulses transmit करने के लिए dendrites, a cyton cell body, और a long axon होते हैं [NCERT p.38]।

The Musculoskeletal System in Action पेशी-कंकाल तंत्र

Goal: Describe how skeletal muscles and bones coordinate in antagonist pairs to move body parts at joints [NCERT pp.38-39].

Ropes Pulling a Lever Analogy A muscle can only pull; it cannot push [NCERT p.38]. Think of a wooden lever (bone). To pull it forward, you need one rope (bicep muscle). To pull it back, you cannot push with that rope; you need a second rope on the opposite side (tricep muscle) to pull it back [NCERT p.38].

Movement of our limbs occurs through the coordination of muscles, tendons, ligaments, and bones, under the control of nervous impulses: हमारे limbs का movement muscles, tendons, ligaments, और levers की तरह काम करने वाली bones के coordination से होता है [NCERT p.38]।

Tendons attach skeletal muscles to bones, transmitting contraction force [NCERT p.36]. Tendons skeletal muscles को bones से attach करते हैं, जिससे contraction force transmit होता है [NCERT p.36]।
When a muscle contracts, it becomes shorter and thicker, pulling the attached bone closer at the hinge joint [NCERT p.38]. जब muscle contract होता है, तो वह shorter और thicker हो जाता है, जिससे attached bone joint पर पास खिंच आती है [NCERT p.38]।
Because muscles can only pull, they must work in opposing antagonist pairs (जैसे bicep और tricep) [NCERT p.38]. चूंकि muscles केवल pull कर सकते हैं, इसलिए उन्हें opposing antagonist pairs (जैसे biceps और triceps) में काम करना पड़ता है [NCERT p.38]।

Checkpoint (प्रगति की जांच)

Q7. What happens to the bicep and tricep muscles when you bend your elbow to lift an object? [NCERT p.38] Q7. जब आप किसी object को उठाने के लिए अपनी elbow को bend करते हैं, तो bicep और tricep muscles को क्या होता है? [NCERT p.38]

Section Summary:

Bones act as levers, tendons attach muscle to bone, and ligaments secure joints [NCERT p.36]. Bones levers का काम करती हैं, tendons muscle को bone से attach करते हैं, और ligaments joints को secure करते हैं [NCERT p.36]।
Skeletal muscles produce motion by contracting (pulling), never pushing [NCERT p.38]. Skeletal muscles contract (pulling) करके motion produce करते हैं, कभी push नहीं करते [NCERT p.38]।
Antagonistic muscle pairs flex or extend joints through alternating contraction and relaxation [NCERT p.38]. Antagonistic muscle pairs alternate contraction और relaxation के थ्रू joints को flex या extend करते हैं [NCERT p.38]।

Types of Joints संधियों के प्रकार

Goal: Classify the four main types of skeletal joints (Ball & Socket, Hinge, Pivot, Fixed) and identify their locations [NCERT pp.39-40].

Mechanics Analogy Think of joint hinges on machines: • Ball & Socket is like a joystick controller—it rotates freely in all directions [NCERT p.39]. • Hinge is like a cabinet door hinge—it bends and straightens in only one direction [NCERT p.39]. • Pivot is like a rotating lazy-susan turntable—it spins on a central axis [NCERT p.39]. • Fixed is like a welded metal frame—fused solid to protect delicate interiors (skull) [NCERT p.39].

Bones meet at junctions called joints. Joints determine the degree of motion available to a limb: Bones जिन junctions पर मिलती हैं उन्हें joints कहते हैं। Joints यह determine करते हैं कि skeletal connections पर कितना motion available होगा [NCERT p.39]।

Checkpoint (प्रगति की जांच)

Q8. Which type of joint connects our skull to our backbone, allowing us to turn our head side to side? [NCERT p.39] Q8. कौन सा joint हमारे skull को backbone से connect करता है, जिससे हम अपना सिर घुमा पाते हैं? [NCERT p.39]

Section Summary:

Ball and socket joints allow free rotation in all directions (shoulder/hip) [NCERT p.39]. Ball and socket joints सभी directions में free rotation allow करते हैं (shoulder/hip) [NCERT p.39]।
Hinge joints limit bending to a single plane (elbow/knee) [NCERT p.39]. Hinge joints bending को एक single plane तक limit करते हैं (elbow/knee) [NCERT p.39]।
Pivot joints facilitate rotation on a single axis (neck/backbone) [NCERT p.39]. Pivot joints single axis पर rotation facilitate करते हैं (neck/backbone) [NCERT p.39]।
Fixed joints fuse bones together securely (skull sutures) [NCERT p.39]. Fixed joints bones को आपस में securely fuse करते हैं (skull sutures) [NCERT p.39]।

The Skeletal System कंकाल तंत्र

Goal: Explain the structure of the Vertebral Column and Rib Cage, and describe how cartilage cushioning discs provide flexibility [NCERT p.40].

Shock-Absorbing Spring Analogy Our backbone is not a solid iron rod; if it were, we couldn't bend down to tie our shoes. It is like a stack of coins separated by rubber washers. The coins are the vertebrae bones, and the rubber washers are the cartilage discs—cushioning joints, absorbing shocks, and enabling us to bend and twist safely [NCERT p.40].

The human skeletal system provides the framework that protects delicate internal organs and supports body posture [NCERT p.40]: Human skeletal system वो framework देता है जो delicate internal organs को protect करता है और structural support देता है [NCERT p.40]।

The Vertebral Column (Backbone/Spine): Extends from the base of the skull, composed of a series of small bones called vertebrae [NCERT p.40]. A flexible cartilage disc sits between each vertebra, absorbing mechanical shock and allowing twisting movement [NCERT p.40]. The Vertebral Column (Backbone/Spine): यह skull के base से extend होती है, जो small bones की एक series से बनी होती है जिन्हें vertebrae कहते हैं [NCERT p.40]। प्रत्येक vertebra के बीच एक flexible cartilage disc होती है, जो mechanical shock को absorb करती है और twisting movement को allow करती है [NCERT p.40]।
The Rib Cage: Composed of 12 pairs of ribs attached to the spine at the back and to the breastbone (sternum) at the front [NCERT p.40]. They are joined by flexible cartilage, allowing the chest to expand and contract during respiration [NCERT p.40]. The Rib Cage: यह back में spine से और front में breastbone (sternum) से जुड़ी 12 pairs of ribs से बना होता है [NCERT p.40]। ये flexible cartilage से जुड़ी होती हैं, जिससे respiration के दौरान chest expand और contract हो सकता है [NCERT p.40]।

Bridging Science and Society — Yoga & Bone Health

Yoga, described in ancient Indian texts, includes physical postures (asanas) and focused breathing [NCERT p.40]. Medical research confirms that regular practice maintains spinal flexibility, corrects posture, strengthens bones, and improves respiration [NCERT p.40]. Ancient Indian texts में described Yoga में physical postures (asanas) और focused breathing शामिल हैं [NCERT p.40]। Medical research confirm करती है कि regular practice से spinal flexibility maintain रहती है, posture correct होता है, bones strengthen होती हैं, और respiration improve होता है [NCERT p.40]।

Checkpoint (प्रगति की जांच)

Q9. What allows the rib cage to expand and contract during breathing? [NCERT p.40] Q9. Breathing के दौरान rib cage को expand और contract होने में क्या help करता है? [NCERT p.40]

Section Summary:

The backbone consists of vertebrae buffered by cushion-like cartilage discs [NCERT p.40]. Backbone में vertebrae होते हैं जो cushion-like cartilage discs से buffered होते हैं [NCERT p.40]।
12 pairs of ribs form a cage protecting the heart and lungs [NCERT p.40]. 12 pairs of ribs heart और lungs को protect करने वाला एक cage बनाती हैं [NCERT p.40]।
Cartilage connections enable breathing movements and skeletal flexibility [NCERT p.40]. Cartilage connections breathing movements और skeletal flexibility को enable करते हैं [NCERT p.40]।

Virtual Tissue Microscope Lab वर्चुअल ऊतक सूक्ष्मदर्शी लैब

Goal: Practice identifying various plant and animal tissues under the microscope, and learn how to focus slide details [NCERT pp.31-38].

Virtual Lab Instructions Adjust the focus slider to align the objective lens and bring the tissue structures into clear, high-resolution focus. Turn the brightness slider to illuminate the cells.

Status: Out of Focus (धुंधला)

Select Tissue Slide:

Coarse Focus Knob:

Light Brightness Regulator:

Parenchyma (मृदूतक) Slide

Slide is blurry. Focus the microscope to see details of this tissue. Slide blurry है। इस tissue के details देखने के लिए microscope को focus करें।

Checkpoint Quiz ज्ञान की परीक्षा

Goal: Test your understanding of plant and animal tissues, muscle antagonists, joints, and skeletal system features.

Question 1 of 15 Score: 0

Which plant tissue is actively involved in cell division and growth? [NCERT p.29]

NCERT Solutions अभ्यास प्रश्नोत्तर

Official exercises solutions for Class 9 Science Chapter 3: Tissues in Action [NCERT pp.44-46]. Class 9 Science Chapter 3: Tissues in Action के official exercise solutions [NCERT Pages 46-47]

Q1. Meristematic tissues divide repeatedly. What property of their cells allows them to do this? [NCERT p.44]

Ans: The properties of meristematic cells that allow them to divide repeatedly are [NCERT p.44]: Ans: Meristematic cells की properties जो उन्हें repeatedly divide होने देती हैं, वे हैं:

Thin cellulose walls: Facilitates easy cell stretching and division. Thin cellulose walls: यह cell stretching और division को facilitate करती है।
Dense cytoplasm: Contains rich nutrients and organelle materials for replication. Dense cytoplasm: इसमें replication के लिए rich nutrients और organelle materials होते हैं।
Large prominent nuclei: Efficiently manages cell replication and DNA replication. Large prominent nuclei: यह cell replication और DNA replication को efficiently manage करता है।
Lack of vacuoles: Active dividing cells do not need storage space, and large vacuoles would impede the physical division process. Lack of vacuoles: Active dividing cells को storage space की ज़रूरत नहीं होती, और large vacuoles division को restrict करेंगे।

Therefore, option (iii) is the correct choice. इसलिए, option (iii) correct choice है।

Q2. If a plant is unable to transport food from leaves to roots which tissue is malfunctioning? [NCERT p.44]

Ans: Phloem is responsible for distributing glucose food manufactured in the leaves to all parts of the plant, including roots [NCERT p.34]. (Xylem conducts water, epidermis protects, sclerenchyma provides support). Ans: Leaves में बने glucose food को roots सहित plant के सभी parts तक distribute करने के लिए Phloem responsible है [NCERT p.34]। (Xylem water conduct करता है, epidermis protect करता है, और sclerenchyma support provide करता है)।

Therefore, option (ii) is correct. इसलिए, option (ii) correct है।

Q3. Why are the epithelial tissues that line an animal’s internal organs usually only one or a few cells thick? [NCERT p.44]

Ans: Epithelial tissues lining internal organs are thin (one or few layers) to allow quick exchange of materials (diffusion of gases, nutrients, and waste) across the selective barrier [NCERT p.35, p.44]. Thick layers would block diffusion. Ans: Internal organs को line करने वाले epithelial tissues thin (एक या कुछ layers) होते हैं ताकि selective barrier के आर-पार materials का quick exchange (gases, nutrients, और waste का diffusion) हो सके [NCERT p.35, p.44]। Thick layers diffusion को block कर देंगी।

Therefore, option (iii) is correct. इसलिए, option (iii) correct है।

Q4. You can perform these two jumps (Fig. 3.21): Straight-leg jump (keep knees and ankles stiff) vs. Normal jump (bend knees naturally). How did your ankle, knee and hip positions differ? [NCERT p.44]

Ans: Ans:

Normal Jump: Knees, ankles, and hips bend significantly upon impact. Bending these joints allows muscles to absorb the impact force gradually, acting as shock absorbers. Normal Jump: Impact पर घुटने, टखने और कूल्हे (knees, ankles, hips) काफी bend होते हैं। Joints को bend करने से deceleration का time बढ़ जाता है, जिससे bones पर peak impact force कम हो जाता है और वे protect होती हैं।
Straight-leg Jump: Joints remain stiff. The kinetic energy of impact is transmitted directly up the skeleton, placing high strain on the hips and spinal vertebral column. Straight-leg Jump: इसमें joints stiff (अकड़े हुए) रहते हैं। Impact की kinetic energy सीधे skeleton के थ्रू ऊपर transmit होती है, जिससे hips और spinal vertebral column पर high strain पड़ता है।

Q5. Which type of joint is involved when you bend your knees and ankles? [NCERT p.44]

Ans: Bending knees and ankles involves the Hinge joint which limits movement primarily to a single plane (flexion and extension) [NCERT p.39]. Ans: Knees और ankles को bend करने में Hinge joint शामिल होता है जो movement को primarily एक single plane तक limit करता है, जिससे landing के दौरान stability मिलती है [NCERT p.39]।

Therefore, option (ii) is correct. इसलिए, option (ii) correct है।

Q6. Assertion/Reason Questions: [NCERT p.44, p.45]

Ans: Ans:

A: Assertion is True (epithelium is suited for gas exchange), but Reason is False (lung epithelium is thin squamous, not multiple tall layers) → Option (iii) [NCERT p.35]. A: Assertion True है (epithelium gas exchange के लिए suited है), लेकिन Reason False है (lung epithelium thin squamous होता है, multiple tall layers नहीं) → Option (iii) [NCERT p.35]।
B: Both (A) and (R) are true, and (R) explains (A) (cardiac muscles resist fatigue due to dense mitochondria and constant blood flow) → Option (i) [NCERT p.37]. B: (A) और (R) दोनों true हैं, और (R) explain करता है (A) को (cardiac muscles fatigue को resist करते हैं क्योंकि इनमें numerous mitochondria होते हैं और ये continuously काम करते हैं) [NCERT p.37]।
C: Assertion is False (tendons connect muscle to bone, ligaments connect bone to bone), but Reason is True → Option (iv) [NCERT p.36]. C: Assertion False है (tendons muscle को bone से connect करते हैं, ligaments bone को bone से connect करते हैं) [NCERT p.36]।
D: Assertion is True, but Reason is False (hinge joints restrict motion to one plane, they do not slide in all directions) → Option (iii) [NCERT p.39]. D: Assertion True है, लेकिन Reason False है (hinge joints motion को एक plane तक restrict करते हैं, ये circular rotation allow नहीं करते) [NCERT p.39]।

Q7. Teak Tree Growth Rings: DBH increases vs. Rings. Analyze DBH over time, ring relations, and identify the growth tissue. [NCERT p.45]

Ans: Ans:

(i) Analysis: The diameter of the stem increases steadily over time as the tree ages. Growth rate is almost linear in this teak data. (i) Analysis: जैसे-जैसे tree grow करता है, stem का diameter समय के साथ steadily बढ़ता है। यह woody plants में secondary growth को दिखाता है [NCERT p.30]।
(ii) Ring Relation: The number of annual rings is exactly equal to the age of the tree (1 ring = 1 year) [NCERT p.30]. (ii) Ring Relation: Annual rings का number tree की age (in years) के exactly equal होता है, क्योंकि cambium की seasonal activity के कारण हर साल एक ring बनती है [NCERT p.30]।
(iii) Tissue: Lateral Meristem (Cambium) is responsible for increasing stem girth, arranged in a ring along the stem [NCERT p.30, p.31]. (iii) Tissue: Stem girth को बढ़ाने और growth rings बनाने के लिए Lateral Meristem (Cambium) responsible है [NCERT p.30]।

Q8. Elephant debarks a tree: affected functions, deep tissues, and assumptions. [NCERT p.45]

Ans: Ans:

(i) Immediate effect: Debarking strips the outer cork and phloem tissue, disrupting the transport of food from leaves to roots, leading to root starvation. (i) Immediate effect: Debarking से outer cork और phloem tissue हट जाते हैं, जिससे leaves से roots तक food का transport disrupt हो जाता है, जिससे roots starv होकर eventually dead हो जाती हैं [NCERT p.34]।
(ii) Deeper Tissue: Further damage would destroy the vascular cambium (lateral meristem) and the underlying xylem [NCERT p.33]. (ii) Deeper Tissue: Further damage से vascular cambium (lateral meristem) और xylem vessels destroy हो जाएंगे [NCERT p.30]।
(iii) Deep Damage effect: Disruption of xylem halts water and mineral transport to leaves, killing the leaves, and the tree loses structural support. (iii) Deep Damage effect: Xylem के disrupt होने से roots से leaves तक water और mineral का transport रुक जाता है, जिससे पूरा plant मुरझाकर dead हो जाता है [NCERT p.34]।

Q9. Sapling stems bend flexibly during monsoon winds without breaking. Which tissue is responsible? Explain impact if replaced by sclerenchyma. [NCERT p.46]

Ans: Collenchyma is responsible for plant flexibility and tensile strength [NCERT p.32]. If replaced by sclerenchyma (which is composed of dead, rigid, and heavily lignified cells), the stem would lose its elasticity, become stiff, and snap easily during high winds [NCERT p.33]. Ans: Plant flexibility और tensile strength के लिए Collenchyma responsible होता है [NCERT p.32]। यदि इसे sclerenchyma से replace कर दिया जाए (जो dead, rigid, और heavily lignified cells से बना होता है), तो stem अपनी elasticity खो देगा, stiff हो जाएगा, और तेज़ हवाओं के दौरान आसानी से snap (टूट) जाएगा [NCERT p.33]।

Q10. Sugarcane cuttings: why did cutting B sprout but cutting A did not? [NCERT p.46]

Ans: Sugarcane stems grow branches from nodes due to intercalary meristems located at the nodes [NCERT p.31]. Cutting B had nodes containing active intercalary meristems, allowing it to sprout, whereas cutting A was just internode segments lacking these growth tissues [NCERT p.31]. Ans: Sugarcane stems में nodes से branches intercalary meristems के कारण grow करती हैं जो nodes पर स्थित होते हैं [NCERT p.31]। Cutting B में nodes थे जिनमें active intercalary meristems थे, जिससे यह sprout कर सका, जबकि cutting A केवल internode segments थे जिनमें ये growth tissues नहीं थे [NCERT p.31]।

Q11. Rohan says "Tissues have similar cells performing similar functions". Rajiv says "Complex tissues are different". Explain. [NCERT p.46]

Ans: Both are correct in their contexts [NCERT p.32, p.33]:

Rohan's definition matches simple permanent tissues (parenchyma, collenchyma), which contain only one cell type [NCERT p.32]. Rohan की definition simple permanent tissues (parenchyma, collenchyma) से match करती है, जिनमें केवल एक ही type के cells होते हैं [NCERT p.31]।

Rajiv's statement matches complex permanent tissues (xylem, phloem), which consist of multiple structurally different cells working together to perform a single function (e.g. vessels, tracheids, and parenchyma in xylem coordinate water conduction) [NCERT p.33]. Rajiv का statement complex permanent tissues (xylem, phloem) से match करता है, जिनमें multiple structurally different cells मिलकर एक single function perform करते हैं (जैसे xylem में vessels, tracheids, और parenchyma water conduction को coordinate करते हैं) [NCERT p.33]।

Ans: अपने-अपने contexts में दोनों correct हैं [NCERT p.32, p.33]:

Rohan की definition simple permanent tissues (parenchyma, collenchyma) से match करती है, जिनमें केवल एक cell type होता है [NCERT p.32]। Rohan की definition simple permanent tissues (parenchyma, collenchyma) से match करती है, जिनमें केवल एक ही type के cells होते हैं [NCERT p.31]।

Rajiv का statement complex permanent tissues (xylem, phloem) से match करता है, जिनमें multiple structurally different cells मिलकर एक single function perform करते हैं (जैसे xylem में vessels, tracheids, और parenchyma water conduction को coordinate करते हैं) [NCERT p.33]।

Q12. Coconut husk fibers are tough and fibrous. Which tissue provides this strength? Why couldn't parenchyma do this? [NCERT p.46]

Ans: Sclerenchyma provides this strength; its dead cells have thick walls heavily reinforced with lignin [NCERT p.33]. Living parenchyma cells have thin cellulose walls and large vacuoles suited for packing and storage; they lack the rigid lignified walls needed to withstand high tensile stress [NCERT p.32]. Ans: Sclerenchyma यह strength देता है; इसके dead cells की walls lignin से heavily reinforced होती हैं [NCERT p.33]। Living parenchyma cells में thin cellulose walls और large vacuoles होते हैं जो packing और storage के लिए suited हैं; उनमें rigid lignified walls नहीं होती हैं जो high tensile stress को withstand कर सकें [NCERT p.32]।

Q13. Vibha says "meristems are located only at apices". Critically examine. [NCERT p.46]

Ans: Vibha's claim is incorrect. Apical meristems are at the tips (apices), but plants also have lateral meristems along the stem sides (for girth) and intercalary meristems at the base of nodes/leaves (for branching/regrowth) [NCERT pp.30-31]. Neha can ask: "If meristems are only at the tips, how do tree trunks grow wider, and how does cut grass grow back?" [NCERT p.31] Ans: Vibha का claim incorrect है। Apical meristems tips (apices) पर होते हैं, लेकिन plants में stem sides पर lateral meristems (girth के लिए) and nodes/leaves के base पर intercalary meristems (branching/regrowth के लिए) भी होते हैं [NCERT pp.30-31]। Neha पूछ सकती है: "अगर meristems केवल tips पर होते हैं, तो tree trunks चौड़े कैसे होते हैं, और कटी हुई घास वापस कैसे उगती है?" [NCERT p.31]

Q14. Plant cell vs. animal cell of same size: vacuole differences. [NCERT p.46]

Ans: The plant cell will have a much larger vacuole, often occupying 50–90% of the cell volume [NCERT p.18]. Plants need large vacuoles to maintain turgidity and store nutrients/waste since they are stationary, whereas animal cells only have small, temporary vacuoles [NCERT p.18]. Ans: plant cell में बहुत बड़ी vacuole होगी, जो अक्सर cell volume का 50–90% occupy करती है [NCERT p.18]। Plants stationary होते हैं इसलिए उन्हें turgidity maintain करने और nutrients/waste store करने के लिए large vacuoles की ज़रूरत होती है, जबकि animal cells में केवल छोटे, temporary vacuoles होते हैं [NCERT p.18]।

Q15. "Each plant tissue performs only one specific function". Critically examine. [NCERT p.46]

Ans: This statement is incorrect. Many tissues are multifunctional. For example:

Xylem conducts water AND provides mechanical support due to lignified vessels [NCERT p.33]. Xylem water conduct करता है और lignified vessels के कारण mechanical support भी देता है [NCERT p.34]।

Parenchyma stores food, but if it has chlorophyll (chlorenchyma), it also conducts photosynthesis [NCERT p.32]. Parenchyma food store करता है, लेकिन यदि इसमें chlorophyll हो (chlorenchyma), तो यह photosynthesis भी conduct करता है [NCERT p.32]।

Ans: यह statement incorrect है। कई tissues multifunctional होते हैं। For example:

Xylem water conduct करता है और lignified vessels के कारण mechanical support भी देता है [NCERT p.33]।

Parenchyma food store करता है, लेकिन यदि इसमें chlorophyll हो (chlorenchyma), तो यह photosynthesis भी conduct करता है [NCERT p.32]।

Solved Previous Years' Questions (PYQs) गत वर्षों के हल प्रश्न

Goal: Review point-wise solved board-style questions to structure answers correctly for 1, 2, 3, and 5 marks.

Q1. What is the waxy chemical substance deposited on the plant epidermis? Mention its function. [CBSE 2018, 2021]

Answer: The chemical is cutin [NCERT p.32]. Its function is to form a waterproof outer layer (cuticle) that prevents excessive water loss by transpiration, protects against mechanical injury, and blocks parasitic entry [NCERT p.32].

Q2. Differentiate between bone and cartilage based on their matrix composition. [CBSE 2019, 2022]

Answer: 1. Bone Matrix: Rigid, hard, and non-flexible; composed primarily of calcium and phosphorus compounds [NCERT p.36]. 2. Cartilage Matrix: Solid but elastic and flexible; composed of proteins and sugars, which smooths bone surfaces at joints [NCERT p.36].

Q3. Classify meristematic tissues on the basis of their location and write one function of each. [CBSE 2017, 2020]

Answer: 1. Apical Meristem: Located at the growing tips of stems and roots. Function: Elongates the plant root/shoot axis [NCERT p.30]. 2. Lateral Meristem: Located on the lateral sides of stems and roots. Function: Increases diameter/girth of the stem (cambium) [NCERT p.30]. 3. Intercalary Meristem: Located at the nodes or leaf bases. Function: Triggers branch growth and regrowth of cut segments [NCERT p.31].

Q4. Compare the three types of muscle fibers based on striation, nucleation, shape, and voluntariness. [CBSE 2016, 2022]

Answer:

Feature	Skeletal Muscle	Smooth Muscle	Cardiac Muscle
Striations	Present (alternate bands) [NCERT p.37]	Absent (smooth) [NCERT p.37]	Present (faint) [NCERT p.37]
Nucleus	Multinucleate [NCERT p.37]	Uninucleate [NCERT p.37]	Uninucleate [NCERT p.37]
Shape	Long, cylindrical, unbranched [NCERT p.37]	Spindle-shaped (tapered ends) [NCERT p.37]	Cylindrical, branched [NCERT p.37]
Voluntariness	Voluntary [NCERT p.37]	Involuntary [NCERT p.37]	Involuntary [NCERT p.37]

Exam Tip: Draw simple skeletal diagrams alongside this table to score full 5/5 marks.

What You Can Now Do

Differentiate between apical, lateral, and intercalary plant growth zones [NCERT pp.30-31]. Apical, lateral, और intercalary plant growth zones के बीच differentiate करें [NCERT pp.30-31]।
Compare Simple Permanent (Parenchyma, Collenchyma, Sclerenchyma) and Complex Tissues (Xylem, Phloem) [NCERT pp.32-34]. Simple Permanent (Parenchyma, Collenchyma, Sclerenchyma) और Complex Tissues (Xylem, Phloem) को compare करें [NCERT pp.32-34]।
Classify the four families of animal tissues and describe their functions [NCERT pp.34-38]. Animal tissues की four families को classify करें और उनके functions describe करें [NCERT pp.34-38]।
Explain how muscles pull on bones as antagonist pairs to flex limbs [NCERT p.38]. Explain करें कि कैसे muscles antagonist pairs की तरह bones को pull करके limbs को flex करते हैं [NCERT p.38]।
Identify Ball & Socket, Hinge, Pivot, and Fixed joints in the human body [NCERT p.39]. Human body में Ball & Socket, Hinge, Pivot, और Fixed joints को identify करें [NCERT p.39]।
Describe the vertebral column, rib cage, and the role of cushioning cartilage discs [NCERT p.40]. Vertebral column, rib cage, और cushioning cartilage discs के role को describe करें [NCERT p.40]।

Chapter 3: Tissues in Action

Why Plant and Animal Tissues Differ पादप और जंतु ऊतकों में अंतर